Chapter 12: The Worlds of the Fifteenth Century
The fifteenth century was an important time of change in history, globally.
The fifteenth century had a balance of various ways of human organization. One form was gathering and hunting societies. Australian paleolithic societies lacked agriculture and remained traditional, but still left an impact, and North American coast paleolithic societies were more advanced, economically and politically. Both declined in population because of the Agricultural Revolution. There were also agricultural village societies that did not form into large civilizations. The Igbo people were stateless but believed highly in ranks, and the Iroquois specialized in agricultural and fostered a strong economy, limiting social equality. Timur's conquest was an example of pastoral success, and in Africa, the Fulbe had a large cultural role as they adopted Islam.
Civilizations were more advanced and larger. Ming Dynasty China established the civil service examination system, a centralized government, had large maritime expeditions, but this eventually came to an end, fostering European entry, but the Chinese still saw their culture as superior. Meanwhile in Europe, culture blossomed through the Renaissance, they focused on state building, and bloomed in maritime voyaging. China had bigger maritime voyaging and were not seeking allies, but Europeans were seeking African wealth and were smaller. The Ottoman Empire was stable, had lots of land, was diverse, and complex economically and culturally, also with a role in religious expansion. The Safavid empire made Shia the official religion of the state and created a strong religious divide but political unity. In Africa and Asia, the Songhay Empire was a major center of religion and learning, the Mughal accommodated Hinduism, and all four of these united the Islamic world politically, with economic and cultural flourishing. In the Americas, there was more larger political unification. The Mexica people featured advanced structures, slaves, and unique cultural traditions, and though they were unstable with many rebellions, they still established their army and built their own state. Like the Mexica, Inca started off poorly but developed their state that politically cam to be more bureaucratic than the Mexica. Both shared gender parallelism in their social roles.
In the fifteenth century, though most were separate, there were ways to overlap religiously, or through trade and exchange. Religion divided but linked societies. Long distance trade also linked societies, and maritime advancement made this possible. Though much was linked, change occurred globally, giving rise to a global economy, the emergence of a new human society, more urbanization globally, and more political involvement of the people. This was global phenomenon of the fifteenth century was a "revolution" of modernization, though characterized by more European dominance. (Strayer, 532)
The fifteenth century had a balance of various ways of human organization. One form was gathering and hunting societies. Australian paleolithic societies lacked agriculture and remained traditional, but still left an impact, and North American coast paleolithic societies were more advanced, economically and politically. Both declined in population because of the Agricultural Revolution. There were also agricultural village societies that did not form into large civilizations. The Igbo people were stateless but believed highly in ranks, and the Iroquois specialized in agricultural and fostered a strong economy, limiting social equality. Timur's conquest was an example of pastoral success, and in Africa, the Fulbe had a large cultural role as they adopted Islam.
Civilizations were more advanced and larger. Ming Dynasty China established the civil service examination system, a centralized government, had large maritime expeditions, but this eventually came to an end, fostering European entry, but the Chinese still saw their culture as superior. Meanwhile in Europe, culture blossomed through the Renaissance, they focused on state building, and bloomed in maritime voyaging. China had bigger maritime voyaging and were not seeking allies, but Europeans were seeking African wealth and were smaller. The Ottoman Empire was stable, had lots of land, was diverse, and complex economically and culturally, also with a role in religious expansion. The Safavid empire made Shia the official religion of the state and created a strong religious divide but political unity. In Africa and Asia, the Songhay Empire was a major center of religion and learning, the Mughal accommodated Hinduism, and all four of these united the Islamic world politically, with economic and cultural flourishing. In the Americas, there was more larger political unification. The Mexica people featured advanced structures, slaves, and unique cultural traditions, and though they were unstable with many rebellions, they still established their army and built their own state. Like the Mexica, Inca started off poorly but developed their state that politically cam to be more bureaucratic than the Mexica. Both shared gender parallelism in their social roles.
In the fifteenth century, though most were separate, there were ways to overlap religiously, or through trade and exchange. Religion divided but linked societies. Long distance trade also linked societies, and maritime advancement made this possible. Though much was linked, change occurred globally, giving rise to a global economy, the emergence of a new human society, more urbanization globally, and more political involvement of the people. This was global phenomenon of the fifteenth century was a "revolution" of modernization, though characterized by more European dominance. (Strayer, 532)
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